Merengue Tipico / Perico Ripiao

Part I : Perico Ripiao / Merengue Tipico

Three main types of merengue are played in the Dominican Republic today. Though similar rhythmically, they are distinguished by their instrumentation and repertoire. Perico ripiao, which is usually called merengue típico in the DR, is the oldest style still commonly played. It originated in the northern valley region around the city of Santiago called the Cibao, a rural, agricultural area, so some merengueros call it the "country music" of the DR. It first appears in the historical record in the 1840s, when moralists tried to ban the music because of its suggestive lyrics and the sensual movements of merengue dancers. The music's very name suggests controversy: "perico ripiao", literally "ripped parrot", is said to be the name of a brothel where the music was originally played. Of course, efforts to censor the music were unsuccessful and largely counterproductive, since its popularity has continued up to the present time.

At first, merengue típico cibaeño (traditional Cibaoan merengue) was played on stringed instruments like the tres and cuatro, but when Germans came to the island in the late 19th century trading their instruments for tobacco, the accordion quickly replaced the strings as lead instrument. The two principal percussion instruments, güira and tambora, have been part of the ensemble since the music's inception, and are so important that they are often considered symbolic of the whole country. The güira is a metal scraper believed to be of native Taíno origin, while the tambora is a two-headed drum of African origin. Together with the European accordion, the típico group symbolizes the three cultures that combined to make today's Dominican Republic.

One important figure in early merengue was Francisco "Ñico" Lora (1880-1971), who is often credited for quickly popularizing the accordion at the turn of the 20th century. Lora was once asked how many merengues he had composed in his lifetime and he answered "thousands", probably without much exaggeration, and many of these compositions are still a standard part of the típico repertoire. He was a skilled improviser who could compose songs on the spot, by request. But he has also been likened to a journalist, since in his precomposed songs "he commented on everything with his accordion" (Pichardo, in Austerlitz 1997:35). His compositions discussed current events such as Cuban independence, World War I, the arrival of the airplane, and US occupation of the Dominican Republic. Among Lora's contemporaries are Toño Abreu and Hipólito Martínez, best remembered for their merengue "Caña Brava". This popular song was composed in 1928 or 1929 as an advertisement for the Brugal rum company, who were then selling a rum of the same name. Brugal paid Martínez $5 for his efforts.

Merengue experienced a sudden elevation of status during dictator Rafael Trujillo's reign from 1930 to 1961. Although he was from the south rather than the Cibao, he did come from a rural area and from a lower class family, so he decided that the rural style of perico ripiao should be the Dominican national symbol. Like any dictator, he was a megalomaniac who constantly required fuel for his ego, and he ordered numerous merengues to be composed in his honor. With titles like "Literacy", "Trujillo is great and immortal", and "Trujillo the great architect", these songs describe his virtues and extol his contributions to the country. Trujillo's interest in and encourangement of merengue created a place for the music on the radio and in respectable ballrooms. Musicians like Luis Alberti began to play with "big band" or orquesta instrumentation, replacing the accordion with a horn section and initiating a split between this new, mostly urban style and mostly rural perico ripiao. Today, New York City Latino radio is still dominated by orquesta merengue (covered in part II).

Típico musicians continued to innovate within their style during the latter half of the twentieth century. Tatico Henríquez (d.1976), considered the godfather of modern merengue típico, replaced the marimba with electric bass and added a saxophone (it was used before, but infrequently) to harmonize with the accordion. A prolific composer, Tatico's influence cannot be overestimated: nationally broadcast radio and television appearances brought his music to all parts of the country, leading to widespread imitation of his style and dissemination of his compositions. Today, these works form the core of any típico musician's repertoire. Other innovations from this period include the addition of the bass drum now played by the güirero with a foot pedal, a development credited to Rafael Solano. Many of today's top accordionists also began their careers during this period, including El Ciego de Nagua, Rafaelito Román, and Francisco Ulloa.

In the 1990s, most groups maintained the five-man lineup of accordion, sax, tambora, güira, and bass guitar, though a few new innovations have been made. Some younger band leaders have also added congas, timbales (played by the tamborero), and keyboards to their groups in an attempt to close the gap between típico and orquesta and increase their listening audience. The most popular artist at present is El Prodigio, a young accordionist respected by típico musicians of all ages. Though he has become famous for recording his own compositions in a modern style, he is also able to perform all the "standards" of the traditional típico repertoire and is a talented, jazzy improviser. New York-based groups like Fulanito have experimented with the fusion of típico accordion with rap vocals. Young artists such as these have been able to bring merengue típico to new audiences.

Merengue típico songs are generally composed in two parts. The first section is rhythmically straightforward and is used to introduce the song's melodic and lyrical material; here, verses are sung and the only improvisation heard occurs at the end of song lines, when the accordion or saxophone fills in. The second section is dominated by improvisation, more complex rhythms, and hard-driving mambo, or the part of the song where melody instruments (sax and accordion) unite to play catchy, syncopated riffs or jaleos which help motivate and stimulate dancers. Típico rhythms include merengue derecho, or straight-ahead merengue, which is the kind of fast-paced 2/4 time merengue most of us are used to hearing, usually used in the first section. Pambiche or merengue apambichao is similar but usually slower, and can be recognized by the double slap rhythm on the tambora. Guinchao is a third rhythm combining the first two that is commonly heard in the second section of a merengue. Típico groups do not have to limit themselves to merengue as they can also play other traditional rhythms from the Dominican Republic and elsewhere, though this was more common in the past than at present. Mangulina and guaracha are now seldom heard; the latter is a clave-based style in 4/4 originally from Cuba, while the former is a 6/8 dance native to the DR. Paseo was a slow introduction to a merengue song during which couples would promenade around the dance floor in stately fashion.

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darian September 4, 2015

me gusta

DJ Shark August 20, 2015

Aquí hay un detalle para el que no sepa donde nació el merengue típico.

Guananico, Pueblito de Merengue Típico

Puerto Plata es conocida por sus bellas playas, sus montañas, su historia y toda la amalgama de recursos naturales y culturales que posee, sin embargo aquello que conocemos de Puerto Plata no es ni la mitad de lo que esta provincia tiene para ofrecer a quienes la visitan. Cada uno de los nueve municipios que componen la provincia de Puerto Plata tiene su propia identidad, adentrarse en la provincia es un viaje que nos invita a redescubrirnos como pueblo.

Guananico, el municipio más joven y pequeño de Puerto Plata, rodeado de ríos y arroyuelos, ha sido la cuna de grandes merengueros típicos, los Román (Monguito, Rafaelito, Raúl, Nixon), los Francisco (Miro, Fello, Raffy), los Trejo (Moncho, Isabelo) los Peña (Facundo, Nicol, Radhames, Radhelvin) y cientos de hombres y mujeres nacidos en Guananico que el calor de nuestro merengue corre por sus venas.

El poblado de Rincón Caliente dignamente bautizado Pueblito de Merengue Típico, ha creado a través de su Unidad Municipal para Patrimonio Comunitario (UMPC) una experiencia que está en fase de desarrollo, donde el visitante disfruta desde cómo se transportan la notas del acordeón para que pueda tocar nuestro merengue, visitar un taller artesanal donde se elaboran instrumentos de percusión y por supuesto una lección básica de cómo se baila un buen perico ripiao.

Escuchar del maestro Facundo Peña la historia que envuelve a los lutieres del país y el compromiso de su legado, que decir de Isabelo Trejo, su herencia de familia y la pasión que transmite a las piezas de arte que elabora para luego ser utilizadas en los diferentes grupos de merengue, sin lugar a dudas una experiencia digna de vivir por cada dominicano y que todo extranjero que nos visite debe conocer.

La UMPC de Guananico tiene en sus manos uno de los elementos que componen la esencia de la dominicanidad, los miembros de esta unidad junto a los residentes de la comunidad han realizado un trabajo arduo, esfuerzo que ha dejado sus frutos, los cuales son más que evidentes, por lo que esperamos que muy pronto, nacionales y extranjeros disfruten y conozcan de este pedacito de Puerto Plata.

madelin diaz May 25, 2015

que bueno me salvaste la vida sabias que esto era un examen

madelin diaz May 23, 2015

que bueno me sirvieron mucho grasias

sorangel May 21, 2015

gracias

carlos April 13, 2015

very good

carlos April 13, 2015

me gusto un poco

carlos April 13, 2015

gracias me aclaraste este tema

carlos April 13, 2015

te pasaste de piña

carlos April 13, 2015

demaciado buena es la mejor